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== Principles for the development of indicators ==__NOEDITSECTION__
* '''Valid''' - Does the indicator directly represent the change it is intended to measure? Is the change within the scope of the project?
* '''Objective''' - Is the definition precise, simple and unambiguous about what is to be measured?
* '''Reliable''' - Is the data needed to measure the indicator consistent or comparable over time?
* '''Practical''' - Can data be collected easily, on a timely basis and at reasonable costs?
* '''Useful''' - Will the indicator data be useful for programme decision-making and learning?
* '''Owned''' - Do the local communities and programme management agree that this indicator makes sense?
== SMART & SMARTER==__NOEDITSECTION__SMART is a mnemonic/acronym, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives/indicators.* Specific* Measurable* Achievable* Relevant* Time-bound* (Evaluate)* (Reevaluate) See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_criteria Wikipedia article] == Categories/Levels of indicators ==__NOEDITSECTION__Indicators are of different types / levels / purposes * Output-level indicators* Outcome-level indicators* Performance indicators* Impact-level indicators* Activity-level indicators == Examples of indicators ==__NOEDITSECTION__=== Indicators mentioned in the Copenhagen initiative output document ===__NOEDITSECTION__ {| class="wikitable"! Outcomes ! Indicators |-| '''Physical and Psychological Safety'''* Reduced number of mine/ERW related accidents/incidents reported in area of operation* Reduced at-risk behaviours of target population at high risk of a mine/ERW accident* Increased feeling of safety among beneficiaries|* Number of mine/ERW accidents/incidents* Number of beneficiaries at risk of a mine/ERW related death or injury* Number of reported instances of unsafe behaviour* Level of awareness about mines/ERW in at-risk communities* Level of concern about mines/ERW on the part of the target population* Level of confidence in use of released land by target population|-| '''Land Use and Livelihoods'''* Released land contributing to improved livelihoods* Safe access to previously contaminated land* Improved productive use of released land|* Proportion of released land put into productive use* Number of people directly benefitting from use of released land* Numbers of people accessing previously blocked resources and infrastructure|-| '''National Mine Action Ownership'''* Improved national ability to oversee, manage and implement mine action activities|* Realistic estimation of mine and ERW problem* Proportion of mine action activities driven by national strategy* Level of national implementation capacity* Level of compliance of database and information management system with national and international standards* Proportion of mine action budget funded by national contribution* Percentage of national staff in management and operational advisory positions|} === Indicators mentioned in DDG's publication on output monitoring ===__NOEDITSECTION__{| class="wikitable"! Objective! Indicator! Evidence to collect at baseline and impact assessment |-| Increase in productive use of released land|* Changes in use of released land * Amount of released land brought into productive use e.g. housing or agriculture and grazing land * Number of men and women benefiting from released land|* Describe current and former use of land* Estimate the percentage of different land uses (e.g. 25 % agriculture, 30 % housing, 10 % infrastructure (roads), 20 % unused etc.) * Estimate number of men and women benefiting from targeted land |-|Enable resettlement and return|* Number of men and women resettled on released land* Number of refugees and / or IDPs returning to communities benefiting from mine action |* Describe current and former population in terms of IDP, refugee and host population|-|Improve access to markets and natural resources|* Changes in infrastructure* Meters to market, main road, cultural important buildings...* Time spent on collecting water* Number of potential users, men and women|* Estimate meters to market, main road, cultural important buildings* Estimate time spent on collecting water* Estimate the number of potential users of infrastructure (e.g. users of roads, schools etc.)|-|Do no harm|* Changes in the number of conflicts over land* Level of equal participation in decision making over use of released land|* Describe the situation e.g. the number of and nature of conflicts over land in the target area * Describe the decision making process focusing both on men and women|-|Reduced violence and conflict|* Number of people who have had a violent encounter* Men, women and children’s perceptions of the level of armed violence|* Estimate the ratio of violent encounters e.g. in the past twelve months * Perceived level of armed violence amongst the people today |-|Reduced threats from explosive remnants of war|* Number of accidents (human and domestic animals)* Number of people who worry about accidents with mines or remnants of war (feeling of safety)* Level of knowledge on mine risks among the population* Number of identified private owners of explosive remnants of war|* Number of accidents, men, women, children, animals* Number of people who say they worry about accidents with mines or remnants of war* Estimate awareness of mines and UXO in the population, disaggregate by gender and age* Estimate number of identified private owners of explosive remnants of war|-|Improved security provision and conflict management |* Level of trust in policy * Change in the percentage of people willing to report incidents of armed violence * Formation of local strategies for armed violence prevention and reduction|* Measure community willingness to report* Incidents of armed violence to police * Number of local initiatives to counter armed violence|-|Reduced treats from SALW|* Number of firearm related accidents* Percentage of people who say they worry about firearms|Estimate number of firearm related accidents|} == References ==__NOEDITSECTION__* UN M&E framework for mine action [[Media:20140318(v2) - Survey Instrument for Pilot.docx | UN Survey Instrument]]* Feinstein International Center: [http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/PIA-guide_revised-2014-3.pdf Participatory Impact Assessment: A Design Guide]* World Health Organization: [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/WHO_MBHSS_2010_full_web.pdf?ua=1 A Handbook of Indicators and their Measurement Strategies]* Mikkel Nedergaard (DDG): [http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/18.1/focus/nedergaard.shtml Outcome Monitoring in Humanitarian Mine Action]* Miscellaneous links/resources related to '''Outcome Mapping''' ** [http://www.researchtoaction.org/2012/01/outcome-mapping-a-basic-introduction/ Outcome Mapping: A Basic Introduction]** [http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=121 Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs]** [http://www.outcomemapping.ca/ Outcome Mapping Learning Community] {{NavBox Business Intelligence}}[[Category:NoPublicVIE]]
