Understanding IMSMA Information Model
Most important information management concepts key to understand the IMSMANG information model and their impact on mine action information management are covered here. To help information managers apply the concepts, some sections conclude with a list of requirements to define and document that can be used when establishing the information model for a mine action programme.
Data Types
Core Data
In the IMSMANG information model, items are the containers for mine action core data. An item is an area, activity or event that a mine action programme records information about and stores in IMSMANG. There are six categories of items, which are described in the table below. Each category can be characterized by a type that reflects whether the item is designed to track process or activity information or the object or product of an activity.
| Item | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard | Information about an area affected by a hazard | Object/Product |
| Hazard reduction activity | Information about an activity to survey, clear, or reduce the threat of a hazard | Process/Activity |
| Accident | Information about an event involving a hazard | Object/Product |
| Victim | Information about a person injured or affected by a hazard | Object/Product |
| Mine Risk Education (MRE) activity | Information about an activity designed to inform or educate people about hazards | Object/Product |
| Quality Management (QM) activity | Information about an activity to control and monitor the clearance and/or reduction of hazards or hazard reduction activities | Object/Product |
Items are entered into IMSMANG by means of a field report. Typically, each category of items has its own field report template for recording information specific to that category. When entered into IMSMANG, all field report items must be assigned to a location, which is tied to the country’s gazetteer, or political or administrative structure. The items can then be traced back to the country structure so that users can easily report data such as the number and size of hazards within a particular province.
Part of defining and documenting an information model includes defining the useful information attributes for each IMSMANG item. IMSMANG comes with more than 1,000 data elements already defined as well as the capability to create additional custom-defined fields (CDFs). This makes it important to critically assess which data elements are useful to a programme for decision-making, analysis and reporting and to focus on those while ignoring data elements that don’t provide additional value. Limiting information to only that which is useful to the programme provides long-term benefits including reducing the data collection and data entry burden and improving system performance. And, while many data elements may be collected for each IMSMANG item, some elements may be more important for analysis than others. For example, whether a victim has been injured or killed may be more important for analysis than the victim’s nationality.
| Item | Subcategory Examples |
|---|---|
| Hazard |
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| Hazard reduction activity |
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| Accident |
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| Victim |
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| Mine Risk Education (MRE) activity |
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| Quality Management (QM) activity |
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Each of the six categories of items can be divided into subcategories or types so users can collect information for each subcategory. For example, users can specify different types of hazards such as dangerous areas, confirmed hazardous areas (CHAs), minefields and battle areas and manage each kind of hazard differently. Using subcategories, information managers can:
- create separate workflows for each type of hazard
- create and manage separate data entry forms
- differentiate between item categories on the map
Additionally, information managers can customise the subcategories so that unused subcategories can be removed and other subcategories added. The same is true for all top-level items within IMSMANG, which lets information managers specify their exact information model, including the relationships among item categories, and adjust the model as their needs change over time. To accurately map the information model for a programme, it’s helpful to evaluate the available item subcategories and determine if changes to the information model in IMSMANG are required. While these values can be customized after system setup, understanding the types of information for each item is critical to implementing an effective workflow in IMSMANG. Table 5 shows examples of the possible subcategories of IMSMANG items.
Below is an example of a fully-documented hazard.
Example of Documented Hazard
Auxiliary Data
In addition to defining the required information for IMSMANG items, it is important to define the relevant information to be collected about auxiliary data. This includes defining and documenting the Country Structure, Explosive Ordnance, Organisation and Place, such as military bases, hospitals and cultural sites; any additional CDFs that should be created; and any subcategories for each of the auxiliary data types.
Document the following decisions about auxiliary data:
- data elements to be collected and managed in IMSMANG
- data elements that are not already configured in IMSMANG and can be created as CDFs
- relevant subcategories for each data type
Below is an example of a fully-documented place.
Understanding IMSMA Information Model - Example of Documented Auxiliary Data
Field Reports and Current Views
A field report is a data entry form used to record and store information about an item.
A current view is a summary of all the information collected about an item on field reports.
Reconciliation is the process of assigning the information in a field report to an existing item or creating a new item/current view.
All mine action information is entered into IMSMANG via a field report, a data entry form used to collect information about an item. When a field report is completed, it is either reconciled to an existing item (that is, it is determined to be information about an item that already exists in IMSMANG) or it is reconciled as new (that is, it is determined to be information about an item that does not already exist in IMSMANG).
With this approach, users can collect and store multiple field reports about the same item over time so that the entire history of the item is preserved in the system. The approach also provides a complete audit trail of all changes made to any mine action information so that information managers can answer the question, "What did we know and when did we know it?"
IMSMANG also provides a constantly updated current view of the item which represents the sum of information about the item at any given time. As subsequent information is collected about a specific attribute of an item, IMSMANG updates the item’s current view on an attribute-by-attribute basis. For example, Field Report #1 collects some initial information about a hazard. It sets the priority to "Medium" and specifies that the hazard contains AP mines and is 25,000 sqm. Field Report #2 updates information about the hazard after a subsequent assessment. The report sets the priority to "High" and specifies the presence of AP and AT mines, but it does not change the size or the status of the hazard. Field Report #3 updates the hazard’s size and status after clearance operations are complete. The figure below shows how the hazard’s current view is updated after all three reports are entered into the system.
Example of Updating Current Views
Current view calculations are based on the date of the field report, so it is possible to enter data into the system out of chronological order (that is, to collect past information about an item) without disrupting the current view. For example, if a fourth field report were collected and dated between Field Report #1 and Field Report #2, it would have no effect on the current view as all information in the example was updated with Field Report #2 or later.
Location Folder
A location in IMSMANG is a grouping of information, whether logical, geographical or sociopolitical. Using locations, users can group data that belongs together or is associated with each other and handle it as a group, including facilitating data entry, searching and running reports. To do this, locations must link the mine action data to the country’s political or administrative structure (existing gazetteer), whether at the province, district or town level. This method also provides geographical context to the data. As shown in the figure below, locations in IMSMANG are governed by two simple rules:
- all mine action data must be linked to a location
- all locations must be linked to the country structure
Using Locations to Link Mine Action Data to the Country Structure
Two fundamental decisions to make when customizing IMSMANG is to decide what country structure level locations will be consistently linked to and what concept locations will represent, Typical concepts that a location is used to represent include:
- a work area (where hazards exist and hazard reductions are taking place)
- a community (a group of people affected by the mine/UXO threat)
- the nearest town (the town closest to where the activity is taking place)
Document the following decisions about locations:
- what concept locations will represent
- what country structure level locations will be linked to
Assigning and Linking
Assigning refers to the assignment of an item to a location for the purposes of grouping information. All items must be assigned a location.
Linking refers to the association between items for the purposes of analysis. Linking is optional, for example, when linking clearances to minefields.
IMSMANG provides the capability to assign items to locations and create links between items, a function that shows the relationships between items and processes and that enriches the data collected. Assignments and links are defined during the field report approval process. An item is assigned to one location, which ties the item to the country structure and allows for reporting mine action data by area. The same item can then be linked to as many other items as necessary. In this way, IMSMANG supports the idea of linking hazard reductions to hazards, victims to accidents or any item to any other item. When used with item subcategories, linking adds a powerful capacity to implement an information workflow and create rich and useful data for decision makers. To ensure the integrity of this data, system administrators must clearly specify the kinds of links to track in IMSMANG.
The example below shows how users can build a workflow of complex relationships among top-level items and item subcategories to model the information management process for their programmes.
Example of How Relationships Among Items are Created
The next figure shows how the current view changes with each hazard reduction that is linked to the original hazard. The CHA starts with a status of "Open." When the technical survey is linked to the hazard, it changes the hazard subcategory to "Minefield." Then, linking the clearance updates the hazard’s status to "Worked On." Finally, linking the completion survey changes the hazard’s status to "Closed." The result is one hazard whose information is updated over time by the four hazard reductions linked to the hazard. This way to track information can be used to represent the information management process and status rules accurately for a land release, risk management or other process model.
Example of How Current View Statuses Change
The IMSMANG information model is flexible enough for each programme to customise the system to support its needs. For example, programmes that do not conduct MRE activities do not need to complete information about MREs, and they still retain full utility of the system. Similarly, programmes that conduct victim tracking and MRE activities only can disregard hazards and hazard reductions without any loss of utility. This flexibility, however, requires that programmes define the relevant uses of each item.
Although any item can be linked to any other item, not all relationships necessarily make sense for every programme. The diagrams below describe some of the more common logical relationships among items and can serve as the basis for an information model when implementing IMSMANG.
Example Relationships Among Items
The rationale for each relationship or link should also be documented so the meaning is understood. For example, a hazard reduction may be conducted on a hazard and an accident may be a result of a hazard or produce a victim. These relationships are used when entering data to ensure that the links between items are available for searching and reporting, like when searching for all hazards that have clearances linked to them.
Document the following business rules about assigning and linking:
- which items will have links between them, for example, victims will always be linked to accidents
- rationale or logical meaning of the relationships between items, for example, a link between a clearance and a minefield means that the clearance was conducted on the minefield
- what effects linking has on the items, for example, a link between a clearance and hazard may indicate that the hazard status should change from "Open" to "Worked on"
The Workbench
Items, field reports, current views, assigning and linking come together at the Workbench. The Workbench is a holding area where users enter data into field reports and reconcile each item in the field report either as a new item or as an update to an existing item. Users have the ability to assign field report items to locations and to link items to other items (like linking a technical survey to an existing CHA). They then save the reports in the Workbench pending the appropriate quality checks and approvals.
Until a field report is approved, it exists only in the Workbench and does not update any current views. The report can still be modified or deleted. When a field report is approved, however, it becomes part of the current views and cannot be deleted.
Adding Field Report Information to the Current View
For data quality purposes, it is important that the data is adequately checked at this stage. IMSMANG allows information managers to control permissions for the Workbench and other areas of IMSMANG through the management of users and roles. With multiple permission levels for the Workbench, different users can be assigned different permissions, allowing programmes to implement a data-entry workflow that distinguishes between data entry and data verification roles. It is recommended to set up a permission structure that reserves approval authority for field reports for the most trusted users.
